

Pensyarah Jabatan Bahasa Arab, Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Unisza), Mohd Shahrizal Nasir berkata malam al-Qadr adalah malam yang istimewa dalam bulan Ramadan yang lebih baik daripada seribu bulan.


Pensyarah Jabatan Bahasa Arab, Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Unisza), Mohd Shahrizal Nasir berkata malam al-Qadr adalah malam yang istimewa dalam bulan Ramadan yang lebih baik daripada seribu bulan.



“Publish or perish” or in a positive tone, “publish and flourish” refers to the pressure to publish work constantly to gain peer recognition or sustain a career in academia. A published paper is the culmination of a finished research project or other scholarly activity in recorded form. In most universities around the globe, there is increasing pressure on scholars to publish new work frequently as high impact publications. It is in fact, the single most important key to advancing individual research careers.
Hence, it is also one of the primary sources of academic authorship conflict and fraud. This age-old issue of “academic authorship” has been debated in many forums yet the prevalence of very dubious claims to authorship continues. Universities and research institutions very often neither possesses the resources nor the time to investigate, which is a lengthy process, when complaints by aggrieved parties emerge and are brought to their attention. Who constitutes an author? This seemingly simple question is fraught with conflicting answers in its application particularly in a university setting when authors can emerge from several different situations coming into play.
Authorship is the most visible form of academic recognition and credit. However, because credit for publication is also important in disputes and allegations of research misconduct, it is worth considering why authorship credit is more than a matter of personal gratification. How do we decide then, who can be rightfully termed as an author particularly when promotions are based on the quantity of high impact publications emanating from an individual academic? Admittedly, it is quite difficult to gauge the quality of books but scientific articles published in high-impact journals are assumed to be of a certain desired quality because articles published in most journals go through a stringent process of reviewing and editing.
According to seasoned publisher, Ms. Sumangala Pillai who is currently the Head of Taylor’s Press, and was previously the Head of UPM Press and the Head of Knowledge Management in MIROS, there may be many different situations that may or may not be conducive for academic authorship. Can the academics in the following scenarios claim authorship?
1. The academic who carries out research, writes the report according to scientific conventions of reporting and sends it off to a publisher for publication consideration.
Yes, he/she can be rightfully termed an author.
2. The academic who carries out part of the research and assigns a part to a junior colleague who does some of the work and writing of that part of the report. Can the first academic claim sole authorship?
No, this is unethical and this report has to have two authors.
3. A senior professor who comes up with an idea, plans the chapters, gets the funds and gathers junior staff around him to write a manuscript. Can he claim authorship?
Yes, with the proviso that he checks the work and ensures coherence, cohesion, continuity and clarity. But he has to be magnanimous enough to place himself as the last author.
4. A senior academic who works on a manuscript with a junior colleague and then accords co-authorship to another senior colleague.
This is a serious breach of academic integrity and the aggrieved party can lodge a formal complaint to the university authority in charge of academic affairs.
5. The lab assistant who patiently carries out the experiment over several months in a row, come rain or shine, based on the instructions of the academic. Can he be considered as one of the authors?
No, his place is in the acknowledgements.
6. The dean or head of department in a university who has not made any contribution to the report or in planning or carrying out the experiment or in writing the manuscript. Can he claim authorship or be placed as the last author?
No, it is unethical. If he insists, he is guilty of a serious breach of academic integrity and university authorities must not take a benign view of such unhealthy developments among the academic community, if it is brought to their attention.
7. A senior lecturer who hires an undergraduate who faithfully downloads material from all possible sources on the subject and gives it some semblance of a manuscript.
No, neither the lecturer nor the research assistant is entitled to being an author. No, even the report does not merit the status of a manuscript!
Despite a clear definition of authorship, the concept has come to be understood differently; very often leading to disputes, misunderstandings, and lingering feelings of unfairness concerning which contributions do and do not merit authorship. The publication number game in the academia has resulted in “tag-teams” of authorship for publications. As a result you have many “ghost” authors who are riding on the lead researcher. Author status has been awarded to many who are not able to defend the contents of a manuscript!
There are already some journals that have resorted to resolving issues of authorship ambiguity by adopting a mandatory convention wherein each author’s actual contributions are succinctly and explicitly stated in the publication, perhaps in the acknowledgments section. Authors are asked to fill out a form stating the extent of contribution from each author in the preparation of an article or manuscript, e.g. Author 1- 30%; Author 2 - 40%; Author 3 - 30%. Such a form is also extremely useful when calculating the quantum of royalties payable to each author (for book publications) and in gauging output of academics being considered for promotion.
The publication numbers game in the academia has resulted in “tag-teams” of authorship for publications. For example, Dr. X, Dr. Y and Dr. Z may be working together in three publications with Dr. X as the lead author in one publication and joint author in the other two. The same goes to Dr. Y and Dr. Z. Hence, each one of the researchers only needs to focus on one publication and in return he or she gets three publications to his/her credit. It is a good model provided that all the three projects are working in a field that is relevant to all three authors. Unfortunately, that is not the case in many co-authored publications. It has become a numbers’ game which is critical for promotions. As a result you have many “ghost” authors who are riding on the lead researcher.
The most extreme practice is “honorary authorship” or “gift authorship” where, for example, a head of a department is automatically granted authorship on all papers that emanate from that department. In some cases the research supervisor is made the first author in all students’ publications. In terms of academic integrity, research studies that have some support from the supervisors or heads of departments can be captured in the acknowledgement section of the publication and need not be accorded co-authorship. Let us not give a dubious definition to academic authorship. Authorship is a serious issue that comes with responsibilities. The overriding aim of authors should be to contribute to the corpus of knowledge rather than chalking up numbers.
This unethical practice in the academia needs to be checked before it becomes an acceptable culture. Researchers who are unable to defend a particular publication, not wholly but at least partly, cannot be regarded as a co-author. The concept of translational research must be emphasized more that doing research for the sake of promotion.
Hence the target set by the Ministry of Higher Education in the Malaysian Research Assessment Instrument (MyRA) which is very much Key Performance Index (KPI) driven whereby the quantity of high impact indexed articles are valued more than the Key Intangible Performance (KIP), has to be relooked if we want to discourage these unethical ways of achieving the KPI.
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) is one university that has been emphasizing the concept of translational research which supports the KIP more than doing research for purely promotional purposes. Let us hope that a greater focus on KIP gains momentum in all the public and private universities in Malaysia. Only then we can be proud of our research output in contributing towards the knowledge economy and our move up the value chain.
(kamariahkamarudin@yahoo.com)
Faculty of Modern Language and Communication,
Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Islamic Legal Principal in the Short Anthology “Ujana Rindu”
Abstract: The development of Malay Literature in the country has not been confined to producing writers from the fields of education, journalism and the like. There is a tendency for writers from the legal field to produce literary works. The involvement of these is not limited to writing works based on current law but also includes Islamic elements. This can be seen through the emergence of young writers from the legal field such as Siti Hajar Mohd Zaki, Mohd. Asmadi Saiman and others. Therefore, this article seeks to analyse the Islamic legal principles in the short story collection titled Ujana Rindu, written by two graduated from the International Islamic University Malaysia, Siti Hajar Mohd Zaki and Mohd. Asmadi Saiman (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2006). The study clearly shows that both writers’ knowledge of the law is utilized to create literary works in line with the legal principles found in the Qur’an and hadith. Ujana Rindu shows the importance of Islamic law in human society, especially where relationships among people (habl min al-Nas) and the relationship between humans and the Creator (habl min Allah) are concerned. This, in the end, will bring about the values of al-Khayr (goodness), al-Haqq (truth) dan al-Jamal (beauty) in the readers’ analysis of a literary work.
Keywords: Islamic Legal Principles, Ujana Rindu, habl min al-Nas, habl min Allah, al-Khayr, al-Haqq and al-Jamal.
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HARRY AVELING
(haveling@hotmail.com)
Monash University, Australia.
Abstract: Shahnon Ahmad’s recent autobiographical volume, Weltanschauung: Suatu Perjalanan Kreatif (2008), covers many topics in its 748 pages. Interestingly, the word “Malay” is not to be found in its index. Yet Shahnon is often constructed by critics, especially non-Malaysian critics, as the quintessentially “Malay author”. The paper will study “insider” (emic) and “outsider” (etic) views of how Shahnon is perceived as “Malay” by various critics and how his “Malayness” is encoded in other, different ways in his own work.
Keywords: emic, etic, Malay author, Shahnon Ahmad, Malayness.
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NORIAH TASLIM
(noriah@gmail.com)
Faculty of Art and Science Social,
Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Syair Peri Tuan Raffles Pergi ke Minangkabau: A Prelimanary Reading of an Early 19th Century Travelogue
Abstract: The essay is an attempt to read a 19th century travel narrative, rendered in the popular syair form and written by a native Malay from Bangkahulu. The narrative by virtue of its genre, described and mapped the arduous journey made by Raffles and his wife Lady Sophia from Padang to the Minangkabau hinterlands, as heard and imagined by a writer who was not only new to the genre, but also not part of the expedition. The reading of the narratives viz the depiction of the journey, its details and reliability therefore has to be contextualised within these authorial constraints.
Keywords: factual narratives, transitional genres, travelogue, selfnarrative, biography, auto-biography, oriental enlightenment.
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SOHAIMI ABDUL AZIZ
(soaazz@usm.my)
School of Humanities,
Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Re-Visiting the Slogan “Asia for Asians” and the “Look East” Policy: A Study of Malay Short Stories
Abstract: Japan has a great influence on the the South-East Asian countries from the Second World War to this day. The aim of this essay is to study and compare the short stories in modern Malay literature which discuss about the Japanese. This study is based on the thematic approach in the field of comparative literature. Thematic approach compares the short stories based on a subject-matter and in this study the subjectmatter is the images of the Japanese in two different contexts, Japan under the slogan “Asia for Asians” and under the policy called “Look East Policy.” The study discovers that during the Japanese occupation in Malaya in the Second World War, short stories produced tells about the Japanese cruelty toward the people. Nevertheless there are also short stories which explicate the Japanese as the hero for saving Asians from Western colonialism. Then when the “Look East” Policy was implemented in the 1980s, in which the Japanese became a model of the Malaysian economic development, there are short stories discuss about the Japanese as an economic model to follow especially in seeking higher education in the field of science and technology. However, the image of the ruthless Japanese army during the war is still haunting some of the authors as explicated in the short stories studied.
Keywords: Malay short stories, “Asia for Asians” slogan, “Look East” policy, Malay nasionalism, comparative literature, history of Malaysia.
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HAJAH SAMSINA ABD. RAHMAN
(sina@fbmk.upm.edu.my)
MUHAMAD FADZIL YUSOFF
(fadzil71@yahoo.com)
Faculty of Modern Language and Media Communication,
Universiti Putra Malaysia.
The Signification of Flora in the Poems of Zurinah Hassan, According to the Malay Theory of Methodology
Abstract: Flora is God’s unique creation. According to the Qur’an, its life processes and beauty maintain the right balance and prove the power of Allah SWT. However, for a poet, observing and studying nature becomes more interesting when viewed through analogy or metaphor and through interpretation and meaning. In this study, the signification of flora in five collections of poems by Zurinah Hasan, Sesayup Jalan (1974), Di Sini Tiada Perhentian (1977), Keberangkatan (1985), Pujangga Tidak Bernama (1994), and Kumpulan Puisi Salasilah (2005), will be examined. Signification and thought are found in all aspects of life. Flora can be classified as jungle or rice plants, and as trees and branches, flowers and fruits. These explain phenomena that represent human life such as poverty, character, behaviour, love, femininity, national identity, politics, leadership, and the strength and resilience of the will to live, centred around life in the past and present, as well as historical remains. The analysis in this paper is done using the Malay Theory of Methodology, which places importance on goodness and usefulness, justice in society, beauty in art, symbols (signs) and their meaning, and, most importantly, increasing one’s love for and belief in Allah.
Keywords: Flora, Malay Methodology, Premonition, Functional, Animism, Connotation, Figurative, Analogy, Introspection, Ideology.
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TENGKU INTAN MARLINA TENGKU MOHD. ALI
(inmarlin@um.edu.my)
MUHAMMAD JAILANI ABU TALIB
(kikirputra@gmail.com)
Academy of Malay Studies,
Universiti Malaya.
From Awan Putih to Suasana Senja: A Textdealism Approach Towards Masuri S.N.’s Poetry
Abstract: Masuri S.N. was one of the most important figures in the development of modern Malay poetry. However, his importance is rarely discussed in a scholarly environment. This research discusses Masuri S.N.’s entire body of poetic work produced throughout his life, in doing so it uses the Textdealism Theory established by Mana Sikana. The researchers describe the excellence of Masuri S.N’s poems, which simultaneously solidifies his authority as the father of modern Malay poetry. Research has found that during his life as a poet, he consistently altered his poetic style to improve the quality of his work. In line with the Textdealism Theory, those alterations followed the guidelines and principles of presence, strengthening, collision and individualism. This study, among other things, provides a rationale for Masuri S.N to be considered one of the best poets in the field of Malay literature.
Keywords: Masuri S.N., ASAS 50, Textdealism, poetry, presence, collision, strengthening, Individualism, excellence.